World Haemophilia Day Experiencing Swelling Or Pain In Joints It May Be Due To This Blood Disease
What Causes Type 1 Diabetes?
Previously, Altindis and his team made a surprising discovery and showed that viruses have insulin-like proteins. In the latest project, they focused on an insulin region, specifically a peptide, or a chain of amino acids—known as the B chain of insulin, or B:9-23—that is targeted by the immune cells in type 1 diabetes patients and identified mimics of this region in different microbes.The team hypothesized that because human insulin B:9-23 and microbialinsulin B:9-23 will be very similar, immune cells cannot distinguish the difference and an immune response to this bacterial B:9-23-like peptide will cross-react with the insulin and consequently will target and destroy the cells that produce insulin.
Based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, the team identified 17 microbialpeptides very similar to insulin B:9-23. Testing them in immune cells obtained from type 1 diabetes patients, they identified one bacterial insulin B:9-23 mimic peptide in Parabacteriodes distasonis that can stimulate the immune cells specific to insulin. Using cellular and animal models of type 1 diabetes, Altindis and his colleagues showed that molecular mimicry might be triggering type 1 diabetes.
Colonization of the gut microbiome with Parabacteriodes distasonis increased type 1 diabetes rates by increasing the inflammation in different tissues, specifically in the pancreas, in mice used in type 1 diabetes T1D research, the team reported in the article "A Gut Microbial Peptide and Molecular Mimicry in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes."
This bacterium is most likely present in the human gut, however, the study indicates that the timing of exposure is important for the development of type 1 diabetes. The team then re-analyzed published human gutmicrobiome data, obtained from the Broad Foundation's DIABIMMUNE project, to show that children up to age three tend to develop type 1 diabetes if they are exposed to this peptide/bacterium in early life.
"Our findings analyzing published human type 1 diabetes microbiome dataobtained from 269 infants gut microbiome, sampled from ages 0 to threeyears, supports our hypothesis that being exposed to this bacterium, and more specifically to this insulin B:9-23-like bacterial peptide, in the first three years of life is a potential risk factor," said Altindis.
Identifying the presence of the peptide is a significant step, said Altindis, who collaborated on the project with C. Ronald Kahn, MD, of the Joslin Diabetes Center, researchers at the University of Florida and the Benaroya Research Institute, and a BC team including post-doctoral researcher Khyati Girdhar, BC's Flow Cytometry Lab Director Patrick Autissier, and undergraduate student researchers Claudia Brady and Amol Raisingani.
But there is much more work to be done, he added.
"While in this study we showed that the human immune cells that were specific to human insulin B:9-23 were reacting to the P. Distasonis peptide and that P. Distasonis can enhance type 1 diabetes development in the the mouse model, we have to prove that this enhancement is directly related to the peptide," Altindis said.
To prove that, Girdhar is making a mutation in the bacterial genome by deleting the mimic peptide and will test its effects on the animal model, Altindis said. The team will also analyze another, more comprehensive type1 diabetes study, known as TEDDY.
"If these studies support our findings, this will support our initial molecular mimicry mechanism," Altindis said. "There is more work to do, however this study and similar studies have the potential to guide us to develop new tools, including vaccines, antibiotics, or probiotics, for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes."
Ed HaywardUniversity CommunicationsSeptember 2022
The NOD Mouse Model Of Type 1 Diabetes: As Good As It Gets?
Cite this articleAtkinson, M., Leiter, E. The NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes: As good as it gets?. Nat Med 5, 601–604 (1999). Https://doi.Org/10.1038/9442
Share this article Get shareable linkDoes Eating Too Much Sugar Cause Diabetes?
It's true that eating large amounts of added sugar can make you more likely to develop diabetes, but sugar intake is just one piece of the puzzle. Still, regularly eating lots of sugar can raise your risk.
Many other factors — including overall diet, lifestyle, and genetics — also affect your chance of developing diabetes.
This article reviews sugar's role in developing diabetes and provides tips for preventing the disease.
Diabetes occurs when your body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels. This can happen when your pancreas stops producing enough insulin, your cells become resistant to insulin, or both.
Insulin is a hormone that moves sugar from your bloodstream and into your cells. If your body doesn't make enough or you become insulin resistant, you can develop chronically high blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar levels over a long period can increase your risk of heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney damage, so it's essential to keep them in check.
There are two primary types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes is relatively rare, accounting for about 5–10% of diabetes cases worldwide.
Type 2 diabetes — the focus of this article — accounts for more than 90% of diabetes cases. It's primarily triggered by diet and lifestyle factors.
According to research, regularly consuming sugar-sweetened beverages can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes.
Data from 175 countries found that sugar intake was significantly correlated with diabetes risk. While high sugar intake increased the risk, low sugar intake reduced it.
Although these studies do not prove that sugar causes diabetes, the association is strong. Many researchers believe that sugar increases diabetes risk both directly and indirectly.
It may directly increase diabetes risk because of the impact fructose has on your liver.
Eating large amounts of sugar can also indirectly raise diabetes risk by contributing to weight gain and higher body fat — both of which are separate risk factors for developing diabetes.
To reduce the adverse effects of high sugar consumption, the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that no more than 10% of your total daily calories come from added sugars.
While eating large amounts of added sugars has been linked to diabetes, the same is not true for natural sugars.
Natural sugars are found in fruits and vegetables and have not been added during manufacturing or processing. Because they're combined with fiber, water, and other nutrients, they're digested more slowly and are less likely to spike your blood sugar.
Fruits and vegetables also tend to contain far less sugar by weight than many processed foods, so it's easier to keep your consumption in check.
Fruit juiceResearch is mixed on whether drinking 100% fruit juice increases diabetes risk.
Even when natural juice is high in sugar and low in fiber, it can spike your blood sugar. However, combining it with fat, fiber, and protein sources may prevent blood sugar spikes.
The American Diabetes Association recommends replacing fruit juice with water or calorie-free beverages.
Natural sweetenersThough some natural sweeteners like honey and maple syrup are not as heavily processed as table sugar, they are still relatively pure sources of sugar and contain almost no fiber.
Many other sweeteners marketed as "natural" should also be considered added sugar. These include agave syrup, coconut sugar, and cane sugar, to name a few.
Artificial sweeteners are manufactured, sweet-tasting substances that cannot be metabolized for energy. They provide sweetness without any calories.
Though artificial sweeteners don't spike blood sugar levels, they have still been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, experts don't fully understand why this is.
One theory is that artificially sweetened products increase cravings for sweet-tasting foods, causing you to eat more sugary foods. Another idea is that artificial sweeteners disrupt your body's ability to adequately compensate for calories consumed from sugar since your brain associates the sweet taste with zero calories.
However, it's important to note that for people with diabetes, diet soda is still a better option than full-sugar soda.
When most people talk about sugar, they're referring to sucrose, or table sugar.
Sucrose is composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose bonded together.
When you eat sucrose, the glucose and fructose molecules are separated by enzymes in your small intestine before being absorbed into your bloodstream. This raises blood sugar levels and tells your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin carries glucose from the bloodstream and into your cells, where it can be used for energy.
While a small amount of fructose can also be taken up by cells and used for energy, the majority is carried to your liver. There, it's either converted to glucose for energy or stored as fat.
Since fructose can be converted to fat, consuming a lot of it tends to increase triglyceride levels. This may increase your risk of heart disease and fatty liver disease.
A high fructose intake is also associated with higher uric acid levels in the blood. If these uric acid crystals settle in your joints, you can develop gout. This is a painful condition that causes soreness and swelling in the joints.
While consuming large amounts of added sugar is linked to an increased risk of diabetes, many other factors are at play, such as:
In addition to cutting back on added sugars, there are many other dietary changes you can make to reduce your diabetes risk:
If reducing your intake of added sugars feels overwhelming, you can start by simply reducing your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are the primary source of added sugars in the standard American diet.
This one small change could make a big impact.
Carefully reading nutrition labels is another must since there are over 50 names for sugar in food products. Learning to notice them is the first step in reducing your consumption.
There are many ways to reduce sugar while enjoying a flavorful and nutrient-dense diet so you don't have to feel deprived.
Excessive amounts of added sugars have been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, likely due to adverse effects on the liver and a higher risk of obesity.
Natural sugars like those found in fruits and vegetables are not linked to diabetes risk, unlike artificial sweeteners.
In addition to sugar consumption, overall diet quality, body weight, sleep quality, physical activity, and genetics all play a role in the development of the disease.
A diet rich in fruits, whole grains, lean protein, healthy fats, vegetables, nuts, and coffee is recommended. Consuming alcohol in moderation, maintaining the recommended body weight for your age and height, and exercising regularly can also help reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes.
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